Proton Pump Inhibitors Mechanism of action

Proton Pump inhibitors

Mechanism of action, 

watch the video for the mechanism  of action of PPI

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Aloe Vera | 5 Benefits of Aloe Vera For Face and Skin| The Pharmacist

Depression|Signs|Causes|Treatment

What is depression?

Depression, is a common and serious medical illness, that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is the most common illness worldwide and the leading cause of disability. They estimate that 350 million people are affected by depression, globally.

Signs and symptoms;

• depressed mood
• reduced interest or pleasure in activities previously enjoyed, loss of sexual desire
• unintentional weight loss (without dieting) or low appetite
• insomnia (difficulty sleeping) or hypersomnia (excessive sleeping)
• psychomotor agitation, for example, restlessness, pacing up and down
• delayed psychomotor skills, for example, slowed movement and speech
• fatigue or loss of energy
• feelings of worthlessness or guilt
• impaired ability to think, concentrate, or make decisions
• recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, or attempt at suicide

  Causes

  The causes of depression are not fully understood and may not be down to a single source. Depression is likely to be due to a complex combination of factors that include:
  
  

  Depression has a wide range of causes and potential treatments.

  • genetics
  • biological - changes in neurotransmitter levels
  • environmental
  • psychological and social (psychosocial)Some people are at higher risk of depression than others; risk factors include:

  • Life events: These include bereavement, divorce, work issues, relationships with friends and family, financial problems, medical concerns, or acute stress.
  • Personality: Those with less successful coping strategies or previous life trauma are more susceptible.
  • Genetic factors: Having a first-degree relative with depression increases the risk.
  • Childhood trauma.

    Treatments for depression

    There's no one proven way that people recover from depression, and it's different for everyone. However, there are a range of effective treatments and health professionals who can help you on the road to recovery.
    
    -Psychological Treatment
    -Medical Treatment

Psychological treatments for depression

Psychological treatments (also known as talking therapies) can help you change your thinking patterns and improve your coping skills so you're better equipped to deal with life's stresses and conflicts. As well as supporting your recover, psychological therapies can also help you stay well by identifying and changing unhelpful thoughts and behaviour.

Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)

-CBT is a structured psychological treatment that recognises that the way we think (cognition) and act (behaviour) affects the way we feel.
-CBT is one of the most effective treatments for depression and has been found to be useful for a wide range of ages, including children, adolescents, adults and older people.

Interpersonal therapy (IPT)

-IPT is a structured psychological therapy that focuses on problems in personal relationships and the skills needed to deal with these.
-IPT is based on the idea that relationship problems can have a significant effect on someone experiencing depression, and can even contribute to the cause.

Behaviour therapy

-While behaviour therapy is a major component of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), unlike CBT it doesn’t attempt to change beliefs and attitudes.
-Instead, it focuses on encouraging activities that are rewarding, pleasant or satisfying, aiming to reverse the patterns of avoidance, withdrawal and inactivity that make depression worse.

Medical treatments for depression

Antidepressants Medication:

• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Serotonin and Noradrenalin Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
• Reversible Inhibitors of MonoAmine oxidase (RIMAs)
• TriCyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
• Noradrenalin Reuptake Inhibitors (NARIs)Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

This class includes sertraline; citalopram; escitalopram; paroxetine; fluoxetine; fluvoxamine. SSRIs are:

• the most commonly prescribed antidepressants in Australia
• often a doctor's first choice for most types of depression
• generally well tolerated by most people
• generally non-sedating.

Serotonin and Noradrenalin Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

This class includes venlafaxine; desvenlafaxine; duloxetine. SNRIs:

• have fewer side effects compared to the older antidepressants
• are often prescribed for severe depression
• are safer if a person overdoses.

Reversible Inhibitors of MonoAmine oxidase (RIMAs)

The class includes the moclobemide. RIMAs:

• have fewer side effects
• are non-sedating
• maybe less effective in treating more severe forms of depression than other antidepressants
• are helpful for people who are experiencing anxiety or sleeping difficulties.

TriCyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

The class includes nortriptyline; clomipramine; dothiepin; imipramine; amitriptyline. TCAs are:

• effective, but have more harmful side effects than newer drugs (i.e. SSRIs)
• more likely to cause low blood pressure – so this should be monitored by a doctor.

Noradrenaline-Serotonin Specific Antidepressants (NaSSAs)

This class includes mirtazapine. NaSSAs are:

• relatively new antidepressants
• helpful when there are problems with anxiety or sleeping
• generally low in sexual side effects, but may cause weight gain.

Noradrenalin Reuptake Inhibitors (NARIs)

This class includes reboxetine. NARIs are:

• designed to act selectively on one type of brain chemical – noradrenaline
• less likely to cause sleepiness or drowsiness than some other antidepressants
• more likely to:
• make it difficult for people to sleep
• cause increased sweating after the initial doses
• cause sexual difficulties after the initial doses
• cause difficulty urinating after the initial doses
• cause increased heart rate after the initial doses.

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

This class includes tranylcypromine. MAOIs are prescribed only under exceptional circumstances as they require a special diet and have adverse effects.

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What is N95 mask | Do every one needs to wear N95 mask during Corona?

The question, is it important to wear an N95 mask when you are healthy and just to protect yourself from infection?

The answer is No, 

Everyone does not need to wear an N95 mask, Due to the coronavirus outbreak N95 mask is highly recommended for the healthcare workers.
Due to the high demand for the N95 mask, it is now a big challenge to provide it for our healthcare workers who are working and dealing directly with corona patients and in hospitals.

If you are healthy, So you don't need to wear an N95 mask just for self-protection, nowadays our healthcare workers are working directly with corona so they need to be protected to protect us against corona.

If you want to use the mask as to WHO prevention cautions so you just need to use a 3ply mask.

What is 3ply Mask:

3Ply Face Mask helps to reduce the spread of viruses, germs and bacteria. It provides relief protection and allows freer breathing. The 3Ply face mask contains a high-level static filtration, the non-woven middle layer to effectively block microorganisms.

What is N95 Mask:

An N95 mask is a particulate-filtering face mask that meets the N95 standard of the U.S, meaning that it filters at least 95% of airborne particles. It needs to be fitted properly to ensure effectiveness, an N95 mask is recommended for healthcare workers.

 

what is coronavirus

Symptoms of Coronavirus

How to boost immunity against Corona

What is Coronavirus? How did this new Coronavirus spread to human?

Coronaviruses are a type of viruses, there are many types and some cause diseases. A new type of coronavirus appeared in Wuhan, a city in China, in December 2019 has caused a recent outbreak of respiratory illness now called COVID-19.

COVID-19 can be spread/passed from person to person through droplets from cough and sneezing. it has been detected in all over the world and is considered is a pandemic. ways to protect yourself


How Did this new Coronavirus spread to humans?

According to world health officials COVID-19 appeared in Wuhan, a city in China, in December 2019. Now spread all over the world although health officials are still tracing the exact source, in an early hypothesis thought it may spread from the seafood market in Wuhan, China. Some people who visited the market developed viral pneumonia. A Case that came out on Jan. 25, 2020.

Notes that the individual with the first reported case became ill on Dec. 1, 2019, and had no link to the seafood market. Investigations are ongoing as to how this virus originated and spread. 

The incubation period of the virus?

The symptoms appear within 14 days of exposure to the virus

What are the Symptoms of COVID-19?

To read more about the symptoms click on the link Symptoms of COVID-19 by WHO

How did you protect yourself from COVID-19? 

It’s crucial to practice good hygiene,and social distancing. Read more about the ways that how you protect yourself from this disease click here Ways to protect yourself

How To Boost Your Immunity | Coronavirus

Coronavirus spreads with a faster rate in the world, people with weak immune are affected by this infection, here are some ways you can keep your immune system Stronger.

• Sleep

Sleep is one of the most important factors to keep your immunity stronger. Without enough sleep, your body makes less cytokines. ( cytokines are hormones that target infections and inflammations). So to keep your immunity stronger, sleep on time.

• Diet

Eating healthy food such as vegetables and fruits can play a vital role in boosting immunity

• Keep yourself well hydrated

Drink plenty of fluids, like, water, juices and herbal teas are an immune boosters

• Avoid Carbonated drinks

Avoid intake of carbonated drinks, caffeine, and alcoholic drinks, they dehydrate your body and can affect your immunity

• Get enough vitamins and nutrients

To keep your immunity stronger, make sure you get enough vitamins and nutrients required. Vitamins A, B6, C, D, and E help increase the strength of the immune system.

Vitamin C is the biggest booster of all and is found in citrus fruits

• Exercise

Exercise also boosts your immune system, regular exercise mobilizes T cells ( T cells are a type of WBC which guard the body against infections)


How To prevent corona

Coronavirus symptoms

                         

                          STAY SAFE, STAY INDOOR, STAY HEALTHY

Symptoms Of Coronavirus | According to WHO

According to the world, health organization Coronavirus  affect different people in different ways,
COVID-19 is a respiratory disease and most infected people develop mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment. People over 60 years have a higher risk of developing severe disease and death. you may prevent yourself and family by following the link  Coronavirus Preventions

The following symptoms are according to world health organization (WHO)

Common Symptoms

• Dry cough
• Fever 
• Tiredness

Other Symptoms include

• Shortness of breath
• Aches and pain
• sore throat  and
• very few people will report diarrhea, nausea and runny nose.

People with common symptoms should call their doctor and seek medical attention.

How to prevent yourself from corona follow the link Coronavirus Preventions

Read more about coronavirus click on the link what is a coronavirus and how it spread to humans

Register on the Easypaisa app and get up to 5000                 Easypaisa App download here